Collaboration Skills for School Professionals Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Problem in the caseHowever, Mrs. Anderson who is their teacher cannot stand the rising number of disruptions that occur in the classroom. In most cases, Patrick and Zach are the centers of most classroom disruptions which affects the rest of the class that is drawn into a spectator sport. Mrs. Anderson shared this behavioral concerns with Mr. Alvarez who is also a teacher in the institution. Supporting detailsAccording to Mrs. Anderson, Patrick has a major anger management problem since he usually teases Zach and other students in class by name calling and making hurtful comments during class sessions. In addition, he also gave inappropriate information during classroom discussions and argues with other students especially when he is asked to stop his undesired behaviors. On the other hand, Zach who is usually teased in front of his peers responds by angrily yelling back and arguing with Patrick and sometimes cries. This has become a real problem to Zach who also has a learning disa bility and even the rest of the class which is affected by the disruptions caused. At some instances, Zach even pushes Patrick when he does not respond to his comments and requests. We will write a custom essay sample on Collaboration Skills for School Professionals or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page This problem is evident in Zach who likes math and enjoys a lot of units in math such as geometry. If not controlled and taken into regular check by his teachers, the boy is likely to drop in his academic performance as well his social life (Friend Cook, 2010). According to Friend and

Ear Infection Otitis Externa - 1265 Words

External otitis is an infection of the skin covering the outer ear and ear canal. It is also known as swimmers ear. It is most often a bacterial infection caused by the streptococcus, staphylococcus, or pseudomonas bacteria. Acute external otitis is usually caused by excessive water (usually from water sports), trapped in the external ear canal by cerumen. This trapped moisture can cause the skin in the ear canal to become a breeding ground for bacteria. As always, any cuts or abrasions can leave the any part of the body, including the ear canal, susceptible to bacteria and infections. External otitis affects the ear and auditory system. Someone with swimmers ear may first notice that their ear may feel full and itchy. The ear will swell,†¦show more content†¦This will only aggravate the irritated skin, and in most situations will make the condition worse. In fact, scratching the inside of the ear will just make the ear itch more, and any medications prescribed will be ineff ective. The most common treatment consists of ear drops containing antibiotics or antibiotics with corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Oral antibiotics may also be required in some cases. In some situations, a wick will need to be placed in the ear canal to stent it open and serve as a conduit for the ear drops. Periodic, and sometimes frequent, suctioning of the ear canal helps to keep it open, remove debris, and decrease bacterial counts†. (medicinenet.com, 2013) â€Å"Rheumatoid arthritis is a type of chronic arthritis that occurs in joints on both sides of the body, such as both hands, both wrists, or both knees. This symmetry helps distinguish rheumatoid arthritis from other types of arthritis†. If a joint is deemed as arthritic that means that there is inflammation within the joint. Inflammation within a joint can cause swelling, redness, warmth and pain within that joint. Rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects the joints, but may also affect the skin, eyes, l ungs, heart, blood, or nerves. Rheumatoid arthritis can present itself in many different ways. For some, joint symptoms develop gradually over several years, while others may develop quickly. Some people are affected by rheumatoid arthritis for a shortShow MoreRelatedEar Infection: Overview of Otitis Externa1152 Words   |  5 Pages Otitis externa, is one of the common types of ear infection. The other type of ear infection is otitis media. Both affect the Otolaryngology organ system. Otitis externa is also known as â€Å"swimmers ear† and affects the external ear canal. That is why it is called otitis externa, because the affect is to the external air canal. Otitis externa is called swimmers ear because swimmers develop this condition when water settles in the ear and mixes with the cerumen (ear wax). This combinationRead MoreChronic Dermatological Disease Essay942 Words   |  4 PagesHigh environmental temperatures and trauma leads to a breech in the integrity of the ear canal skin (e.g. cotton buds, fingernails, hearing aids, ear plugs, paperclips, match sticks, mechanical removal of cerumen) (12). Host factors comprise anatomical wax and debris which accumulate and lead to moisture retention (e.g. a narrow ear canal, hairy ear canal). Absence or overproduction of cerumen leads to loss of th e protective layer and moisture retention respectively. Read MoreEar Infection Symptoms : True Explanation, Diagnosis And Treatment Essay1081 Words   |  5 PagesEar Infection Symptoms - True Explanation, Diagnosis And Treatment By Cody Wilkerson | Submitted On March 26, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook 1 Share this article on Twitter 2 Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon 1 Share this article on Delicious 1 Share this article on Digg 1 Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Otitis, the medical term for ear infectionRead MoreDiscussion on Otitis Externa1050 Words   |  5 Pages In discussing otitis externa, the diagnosis can be explained by misdiagnosis. Some patients are diabetic immunocompromised with severe pain in the ear should have necrotizing OE excluded by an otolaryngologist. Otitis externa is an inflammation or infection of the external auditory canal, the auricle, or both. It is a common disease that can be found in all age groups. OE usually represents an acute bacterial infection of the skin of the ear canal (most commonly attributable to PseudomonasRead MoreCommon Pathogens That Cause Heent Infections?1521 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are some common pathogens that cause HEENT infections? Do you recommend a limited or an involved use of antibiotics in treatment of these diseases and other unconfirmed bacterial illnesses and why? Otitis Externa is most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acute otitis media can be caused by bacterial or viral pathogens. Some of the pathogens associated with acute otitis media (AOM) include, S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenesRead MoreThe Effects Of Otitis Media On Children818 Words   |  4 Pagesrestorative finding from a doctor. OTITIS MEDIA The most widely recognized reason for listening to misfortune in kids is otitis media, the restorative term for a center ear disease or aggravation of the center ear. This condition can happen in one or both ears and basically influences kids because of the state of the youthful Eustachian tube (and is the most incessant finding for kids going to a doctor). At the point when left undiscovered and untreated, otitis media can prompt contamination ofRead MoreBacterial Isolates And Drug Susceptibility Patterns Of Ear Discharge From Patients With Ear Infection At Gonder University Hospital839 Words   |  4 Pagessusceptibility patterns of ear discharge from patients with ear infection at Gonder University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Bio Med Central Ear Nose and Throat Disorders, 13, 1-5. Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6815/13/10 When treating ear infections with antibiotics, the big question is, â€Å"will this drug cover this germ?† Oftentimes, the practitioner will prescribe a broad spectrum antibiotic, which is effective against a wide range of microorganisms from throat infections, such as strepRead MoreAnatomy And Physiology Of The Ear979 Words   |  4 Pagesthree separate segments that make up the ear. There is an outer, middle, and inner ear. If any of these structures were to receive some sort of trauma it could in turn cause some major damage and produce some serious complications. This paper is going to discuss the anatomy and physiology of the ear, different traumas in each segment of the ear, some signs and symptoms of ear trauma, treatments, and complications that can proceed from the trauma. External ear Trauma The pinna (auricle) and externalRead Moremidterm 554 Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesReceived: 0 of 2    Comments: Question  3. Question : A 5 Y/O female toddler present to the clinic with C/O facial twitching at times. Mom reports H/O chronic ear infections with ear tube placement x 2 years ago. Upon exam, you notice a white mass behind the TM. You suspect:    Student Answer: Dislodged ear tube    Cholesteatoma    Serous otitis media    Granuloma    Points Received: 0 of 2    Comments: Question  4. Question : You have examined a 24 Y/O female who has acute asthma flare-upsRead MoreFacial Nerve Tumour : Diagnostic Reasoning2274 Words   |  10 Pages(Marzo, Zender Leonetti, 2009). Surgical removal is considered when there is gross facial weakness (Marzo, Zender Leonetti, 2009). Acute Otitus Media with facial nerve palsy Diagnostic Reasoning Acute Otitis Media (AOM), is an inflammation with bacterial or viral pathology of the middle ear (Waheem, 2016). AOM commonly presents with otalgia, otorrhea, headache, and fever (Waheem, 2016). In AOM, facial palsy is a rare complication that is seen (Kitsko Dohar, 2007). Most commonly when this occurs

Role of Business Economic Development Free Essays

string(46) " Bangladesh is as follows:- GDP\(PPP\) \$259\." Chapter – 1 Introduction Page 1. 1 Background03 1. 2 Financial economic sector04 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Business Economic Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 Microfinance04 1. 4 Economy of Bangladesh05 1. 5 Objectives of the term paper06 Chapter- 2 Conceptual issues 2. 1 The Garment Industry of Bangladesh 06 2. 2 Agriculture07 2. 3 Textile Sector08 2. 4 Manufacturing and Industry09 2. 5 Banking and Finance10 2. 6 Statistical Position of Economy in Bangladesh 10 Chapter-3 Database 3. 1 Economic Transformation11 3. 2 Economic performance12 Chapter 4 Finding of The Study Page 4. 1 Garments Textiles 12 4. 2 Spinning 16 4. 3 Frozen Foods 18 . 4 Leather 19 4. 5 Electronics 20 4. 6 Agriculture 21 4. 7 Information Technology 24 4. 8 Pharmaceuticals 25 Chapter-5 Conclusion 5. 1 Summary of Major Findings 27 5. 2 Economic Performance 28 5. 3 Policy Recommendation 28 Chapter – 1 Introduction There is no denying the fact that the economical business sector plays a significant role in the economic development of a country. The importance of an efficient economic sector lies in the fact that, it ensures domestic resources mobilization, genera tion of savings, and investments in productive sectors. In fact, it is the system by which a country’s most profitable and efficient projects are systematically and continuously directed to the most productive sources of future growth. The financial system not only transfers funds from savers to investors: it must be able to select projects which will yield the highest returns, accumulate sufficient quantities of capital to fund the range of investment projects across economic activities, account for price risks across assets, monitor performance, and enforce contracts. The larger the business sector in the context of the overall economy, the greater the share of lending by depository rather than central banks, and the greater the share of credit to private sector rather than public sector, the greater is the rate of economic growth. The country’s economy is based on agriculture. Rice, jute, tea, sugarcane, tobacco, and wheat are the major crops. Bangladesh is the world’s largest producer of jute. Fishing is also an important economic activity, and beef, dairy products, and poultry are also produced. . 1-Background Bangladesh, since its independence in 1971, had to experience several military rules besides democratically elected government associated with major political assassinations. Regardless of all the aroused disputes, the country constantly pushed to achieve economic, social and developmental success through introduction and implementation of different policies during the ruling period of different elected governments as well a s at the time when the country was declared to be under the emergency rule. Bangladesh, named in the list of the developing nations, is blessed with several natural advantages over developed countries. Examples of such are huge reserves of oil, natural gas, coal, timber and the only natural port of the world that connects SAARC and ASEAN business hub together. The utilization of such natural assets are closed to zero. Foreign donors are granting financial aids for reformation and infrastructure development of the country. Loans are being taken on heavy interest, by GOB, from World Bank and Asian Development Bank for developmental purposes. 1. -Financial economic sector The financial sector consists of the central bank, Bangladesh Bank, 4 state owned commercial banks, 5 government-owned specialized (development) banks, 30 domestic private commercial banks, 9 foreign-owned commercial banks, and 29 NBFIs. In terms of both industry assets and deposits, private commercial banks command the greatest market share. Additionally, 298 micro credit organizations are li censed by the Micro credit Regulatory Authority (MRA). Insurance companies, stock exchanges, and cooperative banks comprise a smaller part of the financial system. As of August 2008 the net domestic assets of the country’s banking system were valued at BDT 1. 9 trillion ($28 billion). 1. 3- Microfinance The average annual growth rate in the microfinance sector in Bangladesh over the five years 2003–2008 was 23 percent. It is expected to reach 25 percent annually over the next three years (2009–2012) as a result of growing demand for larger loan sizes. Despite its significant outreach—estimated at 60 percent of all Bangladeshi households—microfinance assets remain less than 2 percent of GDP, having increased only marginally relative to GDP since 2001. The total loan portfolio of the microfinance sector is estimated to exceed BDT 135 billion and total borrowers, to exceed 30 million. Although it is difficult to estimate the unique number of microfinance borrowers, taking into account their cross-indebtedness to different microfinance providers, they likely number 18 million. It is estimated that just over 60 percent of them have income below the poverty line. The Micro credit Regulatory Authority Act of 2006 limits two important potential MFI funding sources: equity investments and deposits. Foreign currency financing is also effectively prohibited. MFIs in general have access funding for most MFIs. These sources seem adequate to cover current funding needs. 1. 4- Economy of Bangladesh Bangladesh is an agriculture driven economy. Total of 54% of the population of the nation is directly and indirectly involved in farming and lives in rural areas (World Bank, 2011). Due to soil fertility and ample supply of water, having the blessing of thousands of rivers and its branches zigzagging nationwide. Bangladesh can harvest three crops every year. Apart from the fact that cyclones and floods damage crops every year, the production of crops meets substantial local consumption demand but are not grown sufficiently enough for export purposes. Where both men and women are engaged in generating foreign revenue and contributing to the GDP. The third sector which contributes greatly to the economy of the nation is the export of manpower which brings remittances by Bangladeshi workers working abroad, such as in Middle-East Singapore, Malaysia, etc. Due to cultural and religious norms, women previously stayed within the compound of their houses and were liable to take care of the house-hold activities, whereas men were regarded as the only earner and head of the family. CIA World Fact-Book, published in 2010, economy structure of Bangladesh is as follows:- GDP(PPP) $259. You read "Role of Business Economic Development" in category "Papers" 30 Billion GDP Growth 6. 00% GDP(Per Capita) $1,700 Public Debt / National Budget 39. 30% / $11. 43 Billion Inflation Rate 8. 10% Exports $16. 24 Billion Imports $21. 34 Billion External Debts $24. 6 Billion Table-1 Economics Of Bangladesh (Source: CIA World Factbook,2010) Released beat-up report of World Bank, in 2007, estimated Bangladesh of becoming a Middle income country. It has been suggested, to reach the goal, Bangladesh should emphasize to deepen its industrial base, integrate more into global markets and prioritize urban economic development. The country has large reserves of natural gas, petroleum deposits and low-grade coal. All these minerals are rare and demanding in the global market, specially for industrial and Energy-generation purposes. Cheap labor-force advantages make the local manufactured Products highly competitive in global markets through FDI, introduced and encouraged Firstly by the government formed in 1991. The major source of foreign earnings is being Transacted from garments and textiles export and remittances sent home by Bangladeshi workers living abroad. 1. 5-Objectives of the term paper The broad objective of the study is to examine the reforms that took place in Bangladesh and to explore the financial implications of the reforms. Followings are the specific objectives of the study:  · To review the economic sector reform programs;  · To compare the financial performance of the economic system in Bangladesh before and after implementation of the economic sector reforms;  · To identify different problem areas of the economic sector of Bangladesh, which still needed careful restructuring for better performance; and  · To suggest some policy measures for strengthening the restructuring mechanism. Chapter- 2 Conceptual issues 2. 1 The garment industry of Bangladesh The garment industry has played a pioneering role in the development of industrial sector of Bangladesh. Though it took a rather late start i. e. , in 1976 but it soon established its reputation in the world market within a short span of time. Resultantly garment is now one of the main export items of the country. Besides, enriching the country’s economy it has played a very important role in alleviating unemployment. At present there are more than two thousand one hundred garment factories in the country employing more than 12 lack labors. 85 percent of the labor force is women. . 2 Agriculture Most Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture. Although rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables are assuming greater importance. Tea is grown in the northeast. Because of Bangladesh’s fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas. Population pressure continues to place a severe burden on pr oductive capacity, creating a food deficit, especially of wheat. Foreign assistance and commercial imports fill the gap, but seasonal hunger remains a problem. Underemployment remains a serious problem, and a growing concern for Bangladesh’s agricultural sector will be its ability to absorb additional manpower. Finding alternative sources of employment will continue to be a daunting problem Most Bangladeshis earn their living from agriculture. Although rice and jute are the primary crops, maize and vegetables are assuming greater importance. Tea is grown in the northeast. Because of Bangladesh’s fertile soil and normally ample water supply, rice can be grown and harvested three times a year in many areas. Due to a number of factors, These include better flood control and irrigation, a generally more efficient use of fertilizers, and the establishment of better distribution and rural credit networks. Population pressure continues to place a severe burden on productive capacity, creating a food deficit, especially of wheat. Foreign assistance and commercial imports fill the gap, but seasonal hunger remains a problem. Underemployment remains a serious problem, and a growing concern for Bangladesh’s agricultural sector will be its ability to absorb additional manpower. [pic] Map showing the growing areas of major agricultural products. Main article: Agriculture of Bangladesh 2. 3 Textile sector Bangladesh’s textile industry, which includes knitwear and ready-made garments along with specialized textile products, is the nation’s number onexport earner, accounting for 80% of Bangladesh’s exports of $15. 56 billion in 2009. Bangladesh is 2nd in world textile exports, and China which exported $120. 1 billion worth of textiles in 2009. The industry employs nearly 3. 5 million workers. Current exports have doubled since 2004. Wages in Bangladesh’s textile industry were the lowest in the world as of 2010. [pic] The country was considered the most formidable rival to China where wages were rapidly rising and currency was appreciating. As of 2011 wages remained low for the 3 million people employed in the industry, but labor unrest was increasing despite vigorous government action to enforce labor peace. Owners of textile firms and their political allies were a powerful political influence in Bangladesh. 2. 4 Manufacturing and industry Many new jobs – mostly for women – have been created by the country’s dynamic private ready-made garment industry. Eastern Bengal was known for its fine muslin and silk fabric before the British period. The dyes, yarn, and cloth were the envy of much of the pre-modern world. Bengali muslin, silk, and brocade were worn by the aristocracy of Asia and Europe. The introduction of machine-made textiles from England in the late eighteenth century spelled doom for the costly and time-consuming hand loom process. Cotton growing died out in East Bengal, and the textile industry became dependent on imported yarn. Those who had earned their living in the textile industry were forced to rely more completely on farming. Only the smallest vestiges of a once-thriving cottage industry survived. 2. 5 Banking Finance The banking system dominates the financial sector accounting for about 97% of the market in terms of assets. * Government has undertaken major reform initiatives to improve the regulatory and legal environments for banks. * Several specialist development financial institutions have been providing long-term debt, equity financing and leasing. [pic] 2. 6- Statistical Position of Economy i n Bangladesh |The Economy in 2009-2010 | |Currency | Taka (Tk. | |GDP at current price | Tk. 6,149,432 million | |Annual per Capita GDP | Tk. 42,638 | |GDP growth rate at constant price | 5. 88 percent | |Industrial growth rate at constant price | 8. 05 percent | |Inflation rate | 5. 4 percent | |Investment rate | 25. 6 percent of GDP | |National savings rate | 30 percent of GDP | |Exports (US$) | US$ 12,816. 11 million | |Foreign Reserve | US$ 6,562. 0 million (up to May 2008-2009 financial year) | | | |Import and Export | |Principal Industries |Jute, tea, textiles, garments, paper, newsprint, fertilizer, leather and | | |leather gods, sugar, cement, fish processing, pharmaceuticals, chemical | | |industries, etc. |Traditional Export Items |Raw jute, jute manufactures (hessian sacking, carpet backing, carpets), jute | | |products, tea, leather, leather products etc. | |Non-traditional Export Items |Garments, frozen shrimps, other fish products, newsprint, paper, naphtha, | | |fu rnace oil, urea, ceramic products, light engineering items etc. |Principal Imports |Wheat, oil, seeds, crude petroleum, raw cotton, edible oil, petroleum products,| | |fertilizer, cement, staple fibers, Raw Cotton, iron steel, capital goods, | | |pharmaceuticals raw materials etc. | Chapter-3 Database 3. 1- Economic Transformation The Bangladeshi economy has shown great resilience in the face of the recent global economic crisis and recession and has continued to grow at a healthy rate. Since 1996, the economy has grown 5% – 6% per year. Political instability, poor infrastructure, corruption, insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms have not slowed down growth. Economists agree that the country has the potential to achieve a higher growth rate if these roadblocks are adequately addressed. More than half of GDP is generated through the service sector, but nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector. The share of agriculture in the labor force is 45%, in industry 30% and in services 25%. The share of the service sector in GDP is 52. 6% while industry’s share is 28. % and agriculture’s 18. 7%. In 2009, garment exports, totaling $12. 3 billion and remittances from overseas Bangladeshis totaling $9. 7 billion accounted for almost 25% of GDP. The country was not completely immune from the global economic downturn; the principal adverse effect of the recession was a reduction in export revenue in 2009. It came on the back of a very high growth of 23% in 2008. However, overall exports declined by only 2. 0%. Despite recent high growth rates, socioeconomic development is still not favorable for the majority of the population. 3. -Economic performance Bangladeshis have access to a water point. However, due to the discovery of arsenic in the ground water, only 76% of these can now be considered safe. In 2006, the Joint Monitoring Program by WHO and UNICEF reported that 51% of urban areas had improved sanitation facilities and only 7% of urban areas had sewerage connection. In addition, only 32% of the rural population was using improved sanitation in 2006. Female economic activity accounts for 52. 7% of the economy, but females earn less than half the income of their male counterparts. The number of poor women is higher than their male counterparts and the extremely poor is largely women, while there is a higher proportion of a female-headed household than male-headed ones among the ultra-poor. However, the country has made significant progress in achieving gender parity in primary and secondary education. Rural areas still lack basic health care facilities and educational institutions. The number of health care facilities in rural areas has not grown as quickly as the number of education institutions, thanks to the NGOs working in the education sector. Child underweight rates have hovered at about 46% since 2000. The total number of undernourished people in Bangladesh is approximately 41 million. Overall, according to the 2010 data, the HDI for Bangladesh was 0. 469 with a rank of 129 out of 168 countries. The 2005 data shows that the Gini index is 31. 0. |Economic indicators | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |2010 | | | GDP | $ mm | 68415. 4 | 79554. 4 | 89359. 8 |100357. 0 | | | GDP growth | % | 6. | 6. 2 | 5. 7 |6. 1 | | | Inflation (CPI) | % | 9. 1 | 8. 9 | 5. 4 |8. 1 | | | Unemployment | % | – | – | – |- | | | Foreign direct | % of GDP | 1. 0 | 1. 3 | 0. 8 |1. 0 | | |investment | | | | | | | | Export growth | % | 13. | 7. 0 | 0. 0 |0. 9 | | | Import growth | % | 16. 0 | -2. 1 | -2. 6 |0. 7 | | | Current account | $ mm | 856. 9 | 926. 2 | 3556. 1 |2502. 4 | | |bance | | | | | | | Chapter 4 Finding of The Study 4. 1 GARMENT AND TEXTILES : The garments and textiles industry sector is the biggest export earner sector of Bangladesh with value of over US$12. 347 billion of exports in 2008-2009. Our factories design and produce for the world’s leading brands and retailers, like: Reebok, GAP, Wal-Mart, Hudson Bay, Puma, etc. This rapidly growing sector of the Bangladeshi economy offers a unique competitive edge that supports profitable expansion into new strategic markets. |Year |No. of garment |Employment (in |Export of RMG |Total export of |% of RMG to total | | |factories million workers) |(in million US$)|Bangladesh (in million|export | | | | | |US$) | | |2005-06 |4,220 |2. 2 |7,900. 80 |10,526. 16 |75. 08 | |2006-07 |4,490 |2. 4 |9,211. 23 |12,177. 86 |75. 64 | |2007-08 |4,743 |2. 8 |10,699. 80 |14,110. 80 |75. 83 | |2008-09 |4,825 |3. 1 |12,347. 7 |15,565. 19 |79. 33 | Source:  Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) Industry Background and Status The phenomenal growth in RMG was ex perienced in the last decade. In 1984-85, no of Garment factories was 800 RMG jointly with knitwear accounted for more than 70% of total investments in the manufacturing sector during the first half of the 1990’s. At present with about 4,000 factories and a workforce of two million, 80% of which are women, employing over 50% of the industrial workforce and having 75% of the total exports earning of the country. Exhibit 6. 1 shows the growth of RMG exports from Bangladesh since 1981-82. Main apparel items exported from Bangladesh (in million US$) |Year |Shirt |Trouser |Jacket |T-shirt |Sweater | |2005-06 |1,056. 69 |2,165. 25 |389. 52 |1,781. 51 |1,044. 01 | |2006-07 |943. 44 |2,201. 32 |1,005. 06 |2,208. 90 |1,248. 09 | |2007-08 |915. 6 |2,512. 74 |1,181. 52 |2,765. 56 |1,474. 09 | |2008-09 |1000. 16 |3,007. 29 |1,299. 74 |3,065. 86 |1,858. 2 | Source:  Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) Industry Outlook Multi-Fiber Agreement (MFA) and Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) of the EU are the main factors behind acquainting Bangladesh RMG products to global market ensuring assured market access. Bangladesh is now a significant RMG supplier to North America and Europe. Due to phasing out of MFA, many are doubtful about Bangladesh’s ability to maintain the fast growth of the recent years in this sector but Bangladesh has taken a better position in the U. S. A market through competition. However, on a more positive note, Bangladesh is expected to maintain its tariff-free access to EU under the European GSP, since the GSP is not covered by the Uruguay Round Agreement. Recently, Canada has also provided tariff-free access of all the items from Bangladesh. Marketing network has been spread over the economies of the continents. End users could well recognize and differentiate the products confidently. Bangladesh RMG industry largely depends on the imported yarns and fabrics. Bangladesh produces only 10% of export-quality cloth used by the garments industry. The need for establishment of backward-linkage industry has become an immediate concern to the government and the exporters. There are enormous opportunities in setting up composite textiles industry combining textile, yarn and garments. Investment Opportunities and government support RMG and textile sectors have enormous investment opportunities. The government of Bangladesh has created a highly favorable policy framework for investment in these sectors offering investors the following choices: 1)    Establishment of new textile / RMG mill in the private sector. 2)  Ã‚   Joint ventures with the existing textile / RMG mill. )  Ã‚   Acquisition of public sector textile mills that are being privatized. 4)  Ã‚   Indirect investment through financial services and / or leasing. To meet up the local demands, backward linkage is a significant trading opportunity and is supported by a government backed incentive: 15% cash subsidy of the fabric cost to exporters sourcing fabrics local ly. * SPINNING : Value Addition to the Fibrous Substances Spinning is the first step in textile value chain that adds value to the fibrous substances by converting them into yarn or thread through the processes of drawing, twisting and winding (Exhibit 1). Characteristics of the yarn vary based on the materials used, fiber length and alignment, quantity of fiber used and degree of twist. The earliest spinning probably involved simply twisting the fibers in the hand. Later, the use of a stick to help twist the fiber was introduced. Drop spinning involves the use of a stick with a whorl or weight to stabilize the spinning of the stick (called a spindle). The spindle is spun, and hangs supported by the yarn as more fiber is introduced. This introduced fiber picks up the twist and becomes yarn. However, the development of spinning wheel allowed a continuous and faster yarn production. Spinning wheels are either foot or hand powered. Modern powered spinning, originally done by water or steam power but now done by electricity, is vastly faster than hand spinning. Materials that can be used to create yarn fall into three broad classes: plant, animal, and synthetic. 1)    Plant materials: cotton, flax (to produce linen), hemp, raffia, yucca, coconut husk, 2)    Animal materials: wool, goat (angora or Cashmere goat), rabbit (angora), llama, alpaca, dog, camel, silk, 3)    Synthetic materials: polyester, nylon, rayon, acetate, Mylar†¦ 4)  Ã‚   Apart from the above, mineral materials like asbestos are also used, but not very often. Spinning Industry in Bangladesh Development of spinning industry in Bangladesh is closely associated with the development of Textile and Clothing (TC) sector as a whole. Power-driven modern textiles in Bengal were traced back to early twentieth century. Before 1947, modern textiles were only the composite textile mills having spin ning and weaving facilities. Later, activities like specialized textile weaving, knitting and hosiery and dyeing-printing-finishing were added. During 1947, there were about 11 composite textile mills in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) with 1. 1 million spindles and 2. 7 thousand looms. Spindles grew to 3. 2 million in 1956 but declined to 0. 8 million in 1972 as worn-out obsolete spindles went out of operation. In 1972, large-scale manufacturing units including textile mills were nationalized. After 1982, state-owned spinning mills were gradually denationalized. By 1999, spindles installed were 2. 8 million (2. 4 million in the private sector and 0. 4 million in the public sector) with an annual production capacity of 200 million kg. BOI sector Survey found that in 2004, about 3. 44 million spindles are producing 382 million kg of yarn for the textile industry (Exhibit 2). [pic] Challenges of and Supports to the Spinners The success of a robust textile sector largely depends upon an improved and reliable spinning sub-sector. If spinning sub-sector produces substandard / inferior yarn, its adverse effect persists right across the entire value chain. Availability of raw materials, transportation, port facilities and tariff rationalization are the key challenges to the spinners. The Government has been supporting the spinners providing lower tariff for machinery spares and raw materials, cash incentives, reduced tax rate, and low-cost funding etc. Investment Outlook Textile Clothing is the largest manufacturing sector of Bangladesh providing over 4 million jobs, accounting for 5% of GDP, 40% of manufacturing value addition and 75% of total foreign exchange earnings. The growing demands for yarn in the local market, comparatively low cost of doing business, lucrative incentive package, favorable investment policy regime etc are the main reasons for investment in this sustainable sector. Spinning could be chosen. 4. 3 FROZEN FOODS The frozen foods export is the second largest export sector of the country. After some initial difficulties in terms of quality achievement, exporters have earned credibility and trustworthiness in the global market. Assurance of reliable and continued product quality is a major challenge in this sector. Technology orientation, marketing perceptions, and quality improvement aspects invite foreign investment in this sector. The current challenges of international trading are largely dictated by price, quality, time and service. Industry Situation Exporters have earned credibility and trustworthiness in the global market and are committed to maintaining a competitive advantage in product quality. Continuing investment in technology, marketing and quality remain at the forefront of the industries’ strategy to meet the challenges of international trade in price, quality, time and service. Industry Outlook Frozen food sub-sector has credible opportunities in Middle East, EU and North American countries and Far Eastern countries. In 2004-05, total fish production was 2. 216 million metric tons of which 8. 2 metric . tons were shrimp. At present, there are 868 fish hatcheries and farm of which 218,000 hectors of shrimp farm. This export-oriented industry includes the following sub-sectors, which need proper attention for augmentation of production, attain international standard quality and export earnings. 1)  Ã‚   Hatcheries,   Sustainable aqua-culture technology. 2)  Ã‚   Feed-meals plants, Process ing unit for value-added products. 3)  Ã‚   Investment in frozen food sector with new technology and equipment has a vast potential for growth. * LEATHER Industry Situation Bangladesh leather industry is dominated substantially by the domestic investment which is mostly export-oriented. The leather includes some ready-made garments, although that aspect is continued mainly to a small export-trade in â€Å"Italian-make† garments for the US market. Footwear is more important in terms of value addition. This is the fast growing sector for leather products. Presently Bangladesh produces between 2 and 3 percent of the world’s leather market. Most of the livestock base for this production is domestic which is estimated as comprising 1. 8 percent of the world’s cattle stock and 3. percent of the goat stock. The hides andskins (average annual output is 150 million sq. ft. ) have a good international reputation. Foreign direct investment in this sector along with the production of tanning chemicals appears to be highly rewarding. Having the basic raw materials for leather goods as well as for the production of leather shoe, a large pool of l ow cost but trainable labor force together with tariff concession facility to major importing countries under GSP coverage, Bangladesh can be a potential off shore location for leather and leather products manufacturing with low cost but high quality. In 2004-05 total export of leather goods was 220. 93 million US$ on the other hand it is 257. 27 million US$ during 2005-06 FY. Industry Outlook Provision of newly announced infrastructural facilities through establishment of an integrated Leather Park and simultaneously, growth in the global demand, opportunities for investing in and setting up export-oriented leather industry in Bangladesh is definitely attractive. Foreign investors are welcome to capitalize on this opportunity. 4. 5 ELECTRONICS Industry Background The electronics industry in Bangladesh mostly produces consumer items. Home appliances like television, radio, VCD and CD players, refrigerator, air conditioners, oven, electronic fan, blenders etc. are being assembled to a large extent. To ensure the performance reliability, the key challenges in this sector are technical assistance and proper technology orientation of the industry. Developing the significant capacity and skill in assembly and manufacture of a wide range of electronic components and parts is curacies. As yet, Bangladesh does not have any telecommunication equipment industry in the private sector. However, an urgent need for diversification and modernization is felt among the existing entrepreneurs, government and professionals. Government is keen to provide and ensure enabling assistance to the development of this sector. Industry Outlook and Opportunities Skilled, easily trainable and low-cost human resources are the main cost advantage of setting up electronic industry in Bangladesh. Growing domestic demand and international market access are some key attractive issues to the investors. In the economies like Malaysia, Singapore, Korea and Thailand, electronics contribute a major portion in the GDP. They are encouraging electronic industry to shift from low-end assembly operations with high import content of inputs to upstream higher- value-added activities. In this context, relocation, outward investment and joint venture with Bangladeshi companies could be gainful strategies. To capitalize on the comparative advantages, substantial foreign investment from those countries is highly encouraged. * AGRICULTURE Sector Highlights Bangladesh has a tropical climate, a lot of fresh water, indeed a land interspersed with numerous rivers, fertile soil and possibility to cultivate crops round the year. So it is unique to supply raw materials for the agro-based industry. The abundance of natural resources available in Bangladesh supports a range of highly profitable investment opportunities in agribusiness. Over 90 varieties of vegetable are grown in Bangladesh, yet in this fertile land there is underutilization of the country’s agricultural capacity. This presents many opportunities for investors seeking to export agricultural products, or to meet the rapidly growing local demand. Thriving in this sector are  canned juices,  fruits, vegetables,  dairy and poultry. The country offers: 1)  Ã‚   Huge supply of raw materials exists for the agribusiness industry. 2)  Ã‚   A tropical climate for all year growing, a lot of fresh water, indeed a land interspersed with numerous rivers, available land with fertile soil. 3)  Ã‚   Government and NGOs have been conducting regular training programs to develop skilled manpower for agro-based industry. 4)  Ã‚   Wide range of biodiversity exists for different crops. 5)  Ã‚   Agricultural commodities have a comparatively higher value added than non-agricultural commodities. Investment opportunities There is a wide variety of investment opportunities including: *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cold storage facilities serving the supply chain, especially fresh produce for export. *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fresh produce production for local and export markets. *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Production of fertilizers and cultivation of seeds. *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eco-friendly jute production, supported by jute technology development institutes. *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shrimp farming, Halal  foods, Milk and dairy products. *  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   High value-added foods for export, including herbs, spices, nuts and pulses. Industry Incentives The government encourages development of the agricultural sector through measures to increase crop sector productivity and production of non-crop agriculture. To achieve this, the government provides increased credit, and facilitates greater access to inputs and modern technology. Sector Background Being an agrarian economy, agriculture has dominated in the economy for years. It has fulfilled the preconditions of access to input and raw materials in setting up successful agro-based industries. Alluvial soil, a year-round frost-free environment, adequate water supply and abundance of cheap labor are available in Bangladesh. Increased cultivation of vegetables, spices and tropical fruits now grown in Bangladesh could supply raw materials to local agro-processing industries for both domestic and export markets. In 2005-06, Export of agricultural products accounted for about 1% of total export amounting US$ 76. 24 million. Industry Outlook To avail the competitive and comparative advantages, Bangladesh invites progressive agricultural-practices, improved marketing technique and modern processing facilities. The government emphasizes development of the agricultural sector through appropriate measures to increase crop sector productivity and production of non-crop agriculture by providing increased credit, and facilitating greater access to inputs and modern technology. Investment interests in setting up agro-based industries in Bangladesh are highly encouraged. To promote agro-based industries and attract investment in this sector, Board of Investment organized Agri-Invest 2003 Bangladesh in December 2003. This first ever exposition created huge interest among the foreign and local investors. 4. 7 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Sector Highlights 1) To investigate the IT industry robustly, deregulation of the telephone has been decided and executed by mid-2003. 2) The extensive growth of mobile telephony resulted in significant opportunities. 3) The industry is at its introductory stage and has opportunity of capitalizing the potential. 4) Bangladesh has a well-educated, skilled, dedicated and growing IT workforce. 5) There is a fast growing domestic market and export demand. ) Strong research assistance from the universities and research institutions are available. Industry Background Compared to the neighboring India, Pakistan and other South and South East Asian nations, Bangladesh is lagging behind in IT Sector. But it is true that the sector has vast potentiality to develop. Availability of substantial number of qualified and experienced young people in various branches of engineering, sci ence and technologies have opened up the scope of profitable investment in these sectors. Existing investment in IT sector is mainly small-scale and domestic in nature. Collaboration in the IT sector is mainly based on licensing agreements and representation. A growing number of computer training schools and institutes are being opened. Management of most of the IT firms is professionally strengthened with the Bangladeshis who have studied and worked in both North America and Europe, and returned home. The annual market size for IT including computer hardware, peripherals and software was estimated to be worth approximately US$ 20 million. The market is fast growing at an annual rate of about 25%. The country has over 400,000 PCs Submarine Cable Bangladesh has joined the consortium of SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable, which starts its commercial activities from 21st may, 2006. This will especially help prosperous data entry and software sectors. The landing station of this cable is situated at Jhelong in Cox’s bazaar. There are 14 countries of this consortium the countries are Singapore, Thailand, UAE, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, KSA, Egypt, Tunisia, Italy, Algeria and France. It has connected 16 telecommunication organizations of 14 countries. With the direct help from submarine cable Bangladesh can earn more foreign currency by increasing international voice circuit (e. g. submarine cable will give support to establish 100,000 voice circuits. Voice and data communication will be faster. Consortium has created capacity pool, which we can sell also can manage IRV. Broad band service, data transmission, call centre, software export will be cheaper. Unemployed youths can easily engage themselves in those services by taking short term training. Bangladesh has right to land 15 landing station without charge. It will help smoother operation of E-commerce, E-governance, E-education, Telemedicine etc. So, there are huge chances of development of ICT sector and finally government will be financially benefited. 4. 8 PHERMACEUTICALS 1)   Pharmaceutical products have huge demand both in local and overseas market. 2)   There are huge demand-supply gap in pharmaceutical products. 3) Bangladesh offers a good number of qualified, skilled pharmacists, bio-chemists, micro-biologists, and chemists for pharmaceutical industries. )   Government offers support for importing raw materials for production. 5) Present Government has taken initiatives to modernize, expand and attract foreign investment in pharmaceutical industries, and for this adopted national medicine policy (revised) 2005, which will help to adapt with the changing world under WTO/TRIPS. [pic] Outlook Considering the overall demand, pharmaceuticals is one of the emerging sectors in Bangladesh. Government offers different incentives for importing raw materials pharmaceutical industries. This particular sector has huge potential of growth in the future. For sustainable return, pharmaceutical sector could be a rational choice. Chapter-5 Conclusion 5. 1 Summary of Major Findings The economic sector has tremendous impact on socio-economic structure of the country. It also brings economic prosperity for the any country. We believe that there must be a saturation point for any industry. But for our economic sector, still we are away from it. The economy is likely to grow at a similar pace as experienced over the last ten years — of around 6. 2 percent — in fiscal 2009-10, despite the continued global economic slowdown, Bangladesh Bank said . Most indicators in the first quarter of fiscal 2009-10 point to a more moderate level of economic expansion,† the BB said in its latest quarterly review. The BB projection means that the growth is likely to fall short of the government’s original target of 7. 2 percent GDP growth for the current fiscal year. â€Å"Bangladesh Bank will produce forecasts for economic growth on a regular basis, in line with the common practice in other central banks across the world â€Å"The significant remittance growth is likely to have positive consequences for both domestic consumption and investment . The third development centres around the healthy growth in private sector credit, which during the first quarter this year grew by 19. 9 percent against a target of 18. 4 percent. This suggests that the credit envelope will â€Å"not be a constraint towards achieving the overall economic growth targets†. Gross domestic agricultural production is expected to be 2. 2 percent higher than that of the previous year, of 65. 6 million tones, on the back of government incentives and higher agricultural credit disbursement. The industrial sector is projected to grow between 7. percent and 7. 75 percent in fiscal 2009-10, down from the 9. 47 percent seen last fiscal year, but in line with the average industry sector growth rate over the last ten years Economic growth was also steady in the outgoing year despite some clouds over export earning. The GDP (gross domestic product) growth was 6. 32 percent in FY 2009-10, which was marginally lower than the 6. 71 percent of the previous FY 200 8-09, but higher than many other neighboring countries. The GDP for the current FY 2010-11 has been targeted at 7. 2 percent. 5. 2 Economic Performance A steady average annual GDP growth of 5% over the last decade. * Inflation has been kept in single-digit. * Exports have been gradually shifted from traditional goods to more value added items. * Emphasis has been put on manufacturing of backward linkage of Readymade Garments, Pharmaceuticals Industries and IT sector. * The private sector is playing an increasingly active role in the economic life of the country, while the public sector concentrates more on the physical, social infrastructure and policy making. 5. 3 Policy Recommendation The restructuring measures taken so far are definitely not sufficient considering the gravity of the situation. Based on the above discussion the following steps may need to be taken as reform or restructuring measures to speed up the progress  · The problem of excess liquid asset of the banks should be handled with due attention. In order to utilize the excess liquidity  · A number of measures were taken to strengthen the legal framework. However, in order to attain the benefit of improved legal framework, enforcement of legislations should be ensured. Legal procedures should be uncomplicated and disposal of case should be speedier.  · Government interference, political involvement, pressure from the trade unions has to be reduced for the smooth function.  · For developing the asset utilization ratio, portfolio of asset structure should be rearranged by removing the non-earning assets or transforming the non-earning assets into earning one.  · Technological up-gradation of the banking system is needed equipped with state-of-the-art infrastructure and logistics. Lastly, the problem of Bangladesh financial system is widespread and not related to banking system only. Therefore the scope of the reform measures should also be applied to the non-bank financial institutions. Reference list * Released beat-up report of World Bank, in 2007, estimated Bangladesh. * Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) * Bangladesh Export statistics 2009-10, Dhaka, Bangladesh. * A report of Garments published in the magazin e, April 2008. * Economic Review – 2010 * Review of Bangladesh Development – 2009 * A report of economics published in the magazine, April 2011 How to cite Role of Business Economic Development, Papers

A PostModern Age Essay Research Paper A free essay sample

A Post-Modern Age Essay, Research Paper A Post-Modern Age? Introduction: Post-Modernism can be described as a peculiar manner of idea. It is a construct that correlates the outgrowth of new characteristics and types of societal life and economic order in a civilization ; frequently called modernisation, post-industrial, consumer, media, or transnational capitalistic societies. In Modernity, we have the sense or thought that the present is discontinuous with the yesteryear, that through a procedure of societal, technological, and cultural alteration ( either through betterment, that is, advancement, or through diminution ) life in the present is basically different from life in the yesteryear. This sense or thought as a universe position contrasts with what is normally known as Tradition, which is merely the sense that the present is uninterrupted with the yesteryear, that the nowadays in some manner repeats the signifiers, behaviour, and events of the yesteryear. I would suggest that traditional ways of life have been replaced with unmanageable alteration and unwieldy options, but that these alterations and options finally create something that may ensue in the society that traditionalists really seek after ; the balance between Nature and Technology. Modernity itself is simply the sense that the present is a transitional point, non focused on a clear end in the hereafter but merely altering through forces outside our control. I will foremost depict how # 8220 ; Modernity # 8221 ; came about, and so to bespeak some of the characteristics for which # 8220 ; Post-Modernity # 8221 ; is meant to be a reaction, response or add-on to modernisation. Beginnings of Modernity: First, I aim to give a wide historical image against which we may understand the rise of Modernity as an thought related to scientific discipline and society or as a model for a position of reason. We know that we experience alteration as either advancement or passage, that is, we view our historical state of affairs and our lives soon as deducing significance and value in some unfulfilled hereafter. The displacement from Renaissance humanitarianism to Modern rationalism can be understood in footings of four displacements: ( 1 ) from an unwritten civilization in which the theory and pattern of rhetoric played a cardinal function to a written civilization in which formal logic played a cardinal function in set uping the certificates of an statement ; ( 2 ) from a practical concern # 8211 ; with apprehension and moving on peculiar instances to a more theoretical concern with the development of cosmopolitan rules ; ( 3 ) from a concern with the local # 8211 ; in all its stable diverseness, to the general # 8211 ; understood in footings of abstract multi patriotisms ; and ( 4 ) from the timely # 8211 ; a concern with doing practical determinations in the transitory state of affairss which demand wise and prudent responses, to the timeless # 8211 ; a concern with apprehension and explicating the enduring, possibly ageless, nature of things. There are several social factors that have indicated and resulted in the rise of Modernity. The beginning of Modernity may hold its roots in several periods: the twelvemonth 1436, with Gutenberg # 8217 ; s acceptance of movable type ; or in 1520, and Luther # 8217 ; s rebellion against Church authorization ; or 1648, and the terminal of the Thirty Years # 8217 ; War ; while even still, it could hold begun during the American or Gallic Revolutions of 1776 or 1789 ; or even the rise of # 8220 ; Modernism # 8221 ; in all right humanistic disciplines and literature. How we ourselves are to experience about the chances of Modernity depends on what we see as the bosom and nucleus of the # 8220 ; modern, and what cardinal events in our eyes gave rise to the # 8220 ; modern # 8221 ; universe. Social Responses to Modernity: During the period of the 1500 # 8217 ; s thru the 1900 # 8217 ; s the model and presuppositions about Nature and Humanity were being increasingly challenged and overturned by many scientific progresss, until non one, or really small of their elements were accepted by moderately educated people. European society was going known as traditional, hierarchal, corporate, and privileged. These characteristics had characterized Europe and much of the remainder of the universe during these few centuries. Virtually every society on the Earth by the gap of the 18th century could be characterized by societal dependence s and disagreements between wealth and poorness. All of these societies besides confronted the jobs of scarce nutrient supplies. After a clip during the same period, of import alterations began to happen in the societies of the universe from Asia to Europe. A population detonation due to an improved nutrient supply created force per unit areas on the bing traditional and freshly overhauling societal constructions. Commerce, banking, and agribusiness improved greatly and a more stable and certain money supply were established ; nevertheless, merely Europe at the clip was going extremely industrialized. Eighteenth-century Japan stood, of class, in marked contrast to both Europe and China. Tokugawa regulation had achieved singular stableness, but Japan had chosen non to come in the world-trading web, except as a terminal for Dutch and Chinese goods. The population grew less quickly than that of Europe or China, and the general economic system seemed to hold grown easy. Like the state of affairs in many European metropoliss, clubs controlled industry. In all these respects, Japan in the 18th century sought to reject invention and continue stable tradition. Throughout the 18th century, Africa continued to provide slave labour to both North and South America. The slave trade drew Africa profoundly into the transatlantic economic system. Latin America remained at least in theory the monopolized preserve of Spain and Portugal ; nevertheless, that monopoly could non last the enlargement of the British economic system and the finding of Britain to come in the Latin American market. At the same clip, British forces established control in mid-eighteenth-century India that would last about two centuries. Seen in this universe context, European society stood on the threshold of a new epoch in which the societal, economic, and political relationships of past centuries would be destroyed. The commercial spirit and the values of the market place clashed with the traditional values and patterns of provincials and clubs. That commercial spirit proved to be a major vehicle of societal alteration ; by the early 19th century it led progressively to a construct of human existences as persons instead than as members of communities. The enlargement of the European population farther stimulated alteration and challenge to tradition, hierarchy, and communities. A larger population meant that new ways had to be devised to work out old jobs. The societal hierarchy had to suit itself to more people. Corporate groups, such as the clubs, had to face an expanded labour force. New wealth meant that birth would finally discontinue to find societal relationships, except in respect to the societal functions assigned to the two sexes. Finally, the conflicting political aspirations of the monarchies, the aristocracies, and the in-between category generated invention. The monarchies wanted to do their states rich plenty to pay war. The aristocracies wished to confirm their privileges. The in-between category, in all of its diverseness, was turning wealthier from trade, commercialism, and the pattern of the professions. Its members wanted a societal prestigiousness and influence equal to their wealth. All of these factors meant that the society of the late 18th century stood at the stopping point of one epoch of European history and at the gap of another. However, as these societal and economic alterations became connected to the universe economic system, the transmutation of Europe led to the transmutation of much of the non-European universe. For the first clip in the history of the universe, major alterations in one part left virtually no corner of the Earth politically or economically untasted. By the stopping point of the 18th century a motion toward universe interconnection and mutuality that had no existent case in point in footings of deepness and extent had begun, and it has non yet ended. Expressions on Modernity: We as worlds tend to see modernness as a overplus of options, either in respect to a life style or historical possibilities ; hereafter directed behavior ( as opposed to tradition ) tends to speed up the proliferation of options. Traditional civilizations may see themselves as reiterating a finite figure of options in the present ; in modern civilizations, the hereafter opens up a huge field of historical and lifestyle picks. This proliferation of options can be a beginning of great anxiousness and frequently consequences in cultural efforts to curtail options in the face of this anxiousness ( for illustration, China and its rigorous imperialistic control over its varied populations ) . Let # 8217 ; s maintain in head that it is non the options themselves which create this anxiousness, it is the sense that the proliferation of options has or will go unwieldy. For most of humanity, Modernity has created a universe position in us that is chiefly abstract ; that is, we experience the universe as composed of fra gmented, and dissociable units. Abstraction is a hard word to specify ; for our intents, it is the thought that countries of being and civilization can be separated from, that is abstracted out of, other countries of being and civilization. In add-on, we tend to organize societal groups that are mostly based on abstractions ( corporations, states, economic categories, spiritual penchants, race ( which is truly an abstract instead than a physical or biological class or relationship ) , sexual penchants, etc. ) . As a consequence, rank in societal groups tends to be unstable and ephemeral as one can easy travel between societal groups. This, once more, creates a high sense of anxiousness and tenseness ; this anxiousness consequences, on the one manus, in efforts within these abstract groups to specify and redefine themselves as existent, that is, non abstract, every bit good as trying to restrict the possible figure of societal groups ; that is, to pull off the options. In differentiat ion to Modernity, traditional civilizations tended to see the universe as whole and integrated ; separate countries of being and civilization are seen as integrally related to other countries of being and civilization. I n add-on, societal groups are based on existent, biological affinity ties, so that societal dealingss tend to be stable and lasting. Finally, we see ourselves as holding lost tradition ; that is, that our behaviour forms, our rites, etc. , are all new and advanced, that we are non reiterating the past. But in fact, the experience of Modernity is, in fact, to populate in traditional ways and to reiterate tradition in unrecognisable or changed signifiers. Modern civilizations still perform traditional rites, such as athleticss ; yet to a grade, the beginning and anterior significances of these rites have passed out of the civilization. Modern civilizations still repeat ways of thought in the yesteryear ; in fact, the majority of modern civilization is based on traditional ways of thought repeated comparatively unchanged ; yet frequently modern civilizations tend to see these ways of thought as inventions. Even though our modern societal groups may be based on abstract classs, the construction and content of these societal groups repeat the construction and content of old affinity groups, in other words, we tend to e stablish our abstract societal groups on rules derived from world ; we do non, nevertheless, see these societal groups as world. So, in amount, the thought that Modernity is discontinuous with the yesteryear, is an semblance. This semblance creates Modernity itself. What has changed is societal connectivity ; we have disconnected most of the patterns and thoughts from our corporate memory of an activity s beginnings and significance. This now leads us through our old history to the constructs, logical thinking, and experiences of Post-Modern idea. The Post-Modern Condition: The cultural traits of a Post-Modern society can be characterized merely as an information-based society. It is a society which believes that Modernity has failed, conveying with it the continuity of inequality ; that advancement may non, conveying a better life, that scientific discipline and engineering create as many jobs as it solves, that world is non scientific and nonsubjective, but creates a socially constructed status for which cultural arguments intensify and can take to force and reactionist motions, and that societal and public establishments are in changeless alteration ; therefore, necessitating and even demanding more stableness. The benefits of Modernity or of Post-Modern constructions can be questionable ; many persons of this new electronic age do non wholly embrace consumerism, and in some instances are critical of engineering, but however encompass its potency. There can be no uncertainty that the historical fortunes of the late 20th century are really different from those of earlier periods. What the transmutations of modern-day societal life has been, nevertheless, and the comparative significance of these alterations with regard to one another is a affair that can be extremely varied, and I don t presume to cognize everything about Post-Modern idea or doctrine, because it can take on many facets, and I/we could be wholly gulling ourselves if we try to show it. Post-Modernity does look to stand for some sort of a interruption with the yesteryear, in fact Post-Modernity may merely be an extension of Modernity. However, Post-Modernity in this age seems to be characterized by new social signifiers, and relationships between the cultural, economic, political and societal kingdom, and a return to traditional values. There is a new sort of enmeshing of the cultural, economic and political domains in Post-Modernity, uniting the Modernist with Marxian ideals making together our Post-Modern Age. Transformation: There has been a transmutation of the content and signifiers of modern-day civilization and even in our impressions of # 8220 ; civilization # 8221 ; ( for illustration, high versus low or popular civilization ) including dramatic alterations in the nature of the media and in the content and signifiers of presentation of media images ( the # 8220 ; telecasting coevals, the # 8220 ; electronic age, the # 8220 ; information age, the # 8220 ; voyeuristic society, etc. ) ; an increased consciousness of the plurality of national, cultural and lingual point of views with the internationalizing of communications and planetary interaction, etc. ; a extremist displacement from colonialist to post-colonialist positions on modernisation, and inquiries of # 8220 ; Third World # 8221 ; and community development which produces jobs of get bying with the plurality of positions on the universe without any believable beginning ; the loss of comparative liberty of the cultural domain ( as dist inct from the economic and political domains ) with the acknowledgment that civilization and communications are an industry and that they are politicized, non # 8220 ; nonsubjective # 8221 ; , # 8220 ; impersonal # 8221 ; or needfully critical. Similarly, there have been monolithic alterations in the nature, content and signifier of economic constructions and interrelatednesss, for illustration through the displacements which have made a big proportion of the universe # 8217 ; s production information instead than the production of goods and services ; planetary fusion commanding the agency of production and a complementary diffusion, atomization and denationalization ( individualisation ) of ingestion ; new struggles over development, modernisation and development versus the necessity of the ecology motion, preservation and the saving of natural diverseness ; and so forth. Decision: The interruption off from 19th-century values and traditions is frequently classified as Modernism and carries the intensions of evildoing, rebellion, and a loss of psyche and humanity. However, the last 20 or so old ages have seen a alteration in this attitude toward concentrating upon a series of insolvable philosophical and societal arguments, such as race, gender and category. Rather than disputing and destructing cultural definitions, as does Modernism, Post-Modernism resists the really thought of boundaries. It regards differentiations as unwanted and even impossible, so that an about Utopian or Marxist universe, free from all restraints, becomes possible. It must be realized though, that Post-Modernism has many readings and that no individual definition is equal. Different subjects have participated in the Post-Modernist motion in changing ways, for illustration, in architecture traditional bounds have become identical, so that what is normally on the exterior of a edifice is placed within, and frailty versa. In commercial footings Post-Modernism may be seen as portion of the growing of consumer capitalist economy into transnational and technological individualities. Its across-the-board nature therefore makes Post-Modernism as relevant to the common common people of society as to the great minds and intellectuals. Post-Modernism it would look is the ground for the outgrowth of interdisciplinary and cultural surveies in universities. Post-Modernism, so, is a manner of consciousness ( and non, it should be emphasized, a historical period ) that is extremely leery of the belief in shared address, shared values, and shared perceptual experiences that some would wish to believe organize our civilization but which in fact may be no more than empty , if necessary, fictions. I believe we should be committed to salving what we can of the ideals of Enlightenment and Modernity. We need to remain unfastened to all valid claims of concluding, cognition, spirit, tradition, and humanity ; for we are non, and can non be, all knowing in this life. To be focused so wholly upon Post-Modernism or Modernity, suggests that we can somehow specify a group, any group, in the sense of its cultural kernel ; which is non in truth wholly possible or even wise. Are we in a Post-Modern Age? I would state yes as a defined theory or word, but in the world of adult male and life, the reply is No. Man is continually altering and accommodating and for of all time go oning to come on in spirit, engineering, and social/cultural version. Whatever age we are soon in, we are modern compared to the 1 earlier, each age lives its ain Modernity ; each epoch obligated to happen its ain balance between Nature and Technology, Tradition and Progress ; a uninterrupted rhythm until the terminal o f adult male.